Female physicians ordered more testing and admitted a slightly higher share of patients, without differences in 30-day mortality or short inpatient stays.
National survey data suggest current alcohol use, binge drinking, and heavy drinking became more common during pregnancy from 2011 to 2024, although recent estimates indicated the upward trend may be stabilizing.
Physicians delivered smoking cessation counseling more often following implementation, but incomplete intervention delivery highlights the need for randomized evaluation.