- Peptide-related hashtags exceeded 130,000 Instagram posts and 230 million TikTok views.
- Injectable peptides are increasingly marketed for muscle growth, recovery, and antiaging.
- Human evidence remains limited; potential risks include pathologic angiogenesis and toxic metabolites.
- Authors said peptide markets span therapeutic, compounding, and illicit channels.
- Researchers called for stronger regulation, surveillance, research, and oversight of online promotion.
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